he was incredibly sexy and an absolute delight to read about. You’re not believing in any of it, it’s fiction as you said. Depends on the book really. Find clarity on this confusing topic by exploring expert insights. 2K 40 17. 30. It is not permissible at all. If the thoughts are sexual then yeah its not right. I read a lot of smut. At the initial stage, about whistle, it looks to be permissible in normal forms, and there seems not to be mentioned as an absolute haram act. Don't know where you got that from. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Is it Haram to read smut? General Discussion Is it Haram to read smut & why? Locked post. All of it does not contain sexual content. Tsugumomo is unquestionably a standout amongst other manga with a solid plot. 1 Answer. dreamwastaken. 30. Writing Fictional Stories. As it is, there are several theories about how abrogation is supposed to work and whether abrogation exists at all. What is left now, is the content of your story. I recently went to a Mastura group and was told that women’s wudu is invalidated if she so much so touches her husband but when you sleep it isn’t invalidated. The Quran says, in its description of pious people: 29. I would like to ask a question regarding reading literature: I always enjoyed reading and, especially growing up, IAdd a comment. Sort by: Hot. From USA Today best-selling author, Willow Winters, comes a tempting tale of fated love, lust-filled secrets and the beginnings of an epic war. Not saying “ Yarhamukallah ” to a person who has sneezed and then said. Not sure if this is the right place to post this, but I’m looking for decent smuts. by 𝘾𝘼𝙈𝙀𝙇𝙇𝘼 †. I remember even that there were some ( some, not all of course) who were in. Honestly only hardline fatwas forbid romance stories and whatnot. [deleted] • 7 yr. Uncover subtleties. What is meant by the verse is being near to something or in a place where committing adultery is very possible. women taking responsibility for themselves and not waiting for. 15 October, 2023. ago. Some people claim that this is just entertainment and a way of passing time, but entertainment is not permitted if it is haraam, and the Muslim’s. I think there's worse things out there that people need to worry about, like physical abuse, murder, etc etc. A collection of 100 short stories (one-shots, ficlets and drabbles) that have either been requested or I wrote on my own. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. *spoiler* luke has an argument. Discover the truth about whether Read Smuts is Haram. tiktok bxb oneshots:) by jouryyy. 2. babymonster chiquita ahyeon chiyeon baemon blackpink ruka haram asa kpop yg pharita rora ygentertainment jennie. For more, please see these answers: 106961 , 22000 , 2564 , 124657 and 193172. There are 0 answers to the question "Is it haram to read smut? I’ve never done it lol just curious ". Didn't make me horny, but I was cheering for you the whole time I read it. People can read semantically: thinking about a word’s meaning in the sentence and in other places in the Qur’an. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. New comments cannot be posted. 145 Stories. So personally i don’t think it’s haram. When I was younger, I used to read a lot of science fiction and it drove me nuts when authors like Heinlein or Herbert would have a really great, interesting sci-fi. When she was younger and lost her way in a dark forest, she sang her favourite song, "Mei-chan's Butler", to build up her courage. And those who guard their chastity. And no, I don't think it's a sin. Where fl ends up with both mi. Read the most popular dreamharem stories on Wattpad, the world's largest social storytelling platform. 1 in a study from 1923. Erotica or smut, no. With regard to reading these stories, this is a waste of time. You're not doubt familiar with the concept of abrogation in Islam. The general ruling of literature is that it is in itself permitted, and praiseworthy insofar as it improves one’s language, communication, thinking skills, and ability to concentrate (as opposed to things like digital media). Uncover subtleties. I read tons of smut before I turned 17). tiktok bxb oneshots:) by jouryyy. Checked and approved by Mufti Mohammed Tosir Miah. Adoption in any form. Change targets every 50,000 (50k) words with a new location and a fresh excuse to have smut. 81. ago. Now she can't remember what he looks like, but remembers his shimmering brooch and long slender fingers. Her breasts were. Julia Heming. . If you read them, you can fall under the influence of Satan. But it can be counted as a haram act if you annoy Mu’menin, neighbors and so on. IF HOWEVER you are really horny (sexually aroused) and you're in fear of comitting zina. 3. but then he goes and writes the best smutfic i've known , trolling all readers alike by putting out new chapters. Our View: According to most scholars, if the meat is halal and not dangerous for health, it is permissible to eat raw meat. Ask any proud Persian, and they will brag to high heaven about the world's greatest fantasy author. He transmigrated as the green tea boyfriend of the main female CEO heroine and will become the first target of the protagonist of this novel. Praise be to Allah. Reading such novels may be permissible only for those scholars who. This is closer to iman and closer to taqwa and Allah will reward you for it inshallah. I wanted to know if it’s haram to read smut and if so what are the punishments for it. 1. 7K 1. Share Sort by: Best. Checked and approved by Mufti Mohammed Tosir Miah. e. jesus. it took me sometime to warm up to him just because he was very cold towards layla at the beginning but i have to say, the sex scenes with him were 10/10. The Author describes it as bonus content. Dawn was happy to volunteer so she could use the opportunity to fix something back in Sunnydale. Let me first tell you the difination of zina : Zina is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. Mustafa Khattab, the Clear Quran 17:32 Even if you think of zina it is not zina in actual, but it is a sin that to. Anyhow, to help you, I endeavor to answer them in short. Playing dice or anything that depends on luck as it goes against Allah's predetermined fate. Yes they do bec they can also go in internet and they are also humans i am also a muslim and i watch yaoi with my friends. understandable. . Asalam-alaykum, I’ve heard that fictional stories are permissible to read and write, but I wasn’t sure under which circumstances. 4) Loosening and rupture of rectum muscles. The definitive legend of Persian literature, Firdawsi, wrote the Shahnameh (the "Book of Kings"). So the question is, is it haram to read such literature, or should it be avoided on the grounds of preventive measure? Umer Moderator June 20, 2022 at 5:49 am. I don't anymore, but it was fun while it lasted. ☆ Smut book ☆ ----------. ago. In selling cars they will have models not sales rep when introducing ne. It is Haraam (strictly prohibited) to read romantic books. Being reserved is part of Japanese culture, while in the West many homosexuals stand out, the Japanese remain reserved, with few knowing each person's sexual orientation, and their behavior does not highlight or define it. 30. The heart longs and wishes, and the. Praise be to Allah. Answer. Q I've been thinking about this all day and night and I still can't find the right answer. You'd feel guilty having haram thoughts if you're reading Quran so you'd most likely turn away from those thoughts. A jack of all trades, a master of none—this is what made Omamori Himari number 10 on the list. According to a report narrated by Muslim: “The son of Adam’s share of zina has been decreed for him, which he will inevitably get. Find out what people are saying. Find clarity on this confusing topic by exploring expert insights. Allah Says (what means): Answer Contents Related Praise be to Allah. 15 October, 2023. Started: 8-26-23 Completed. The intent of the law prohibiting images was that in pagan times, it was a direct means and way to shirk (associating other beings with Allah). But even though I read it and write it smut isn't really the reason I like fanfiction. it took me sometime to warm up to him just because he was very cold towards layla at the beginning but i have to say, the sex scenes with him were 10/10. Q I've been thinking about this all day and night and I still can't find the right answer. According to a report narrated by Muslim: “The son of Adam’s share of zina has been decreed for him, which he will inevitably get. Even with adult characters, you can still be sued for libel. eater. The problem starts when you make an intention of sating your desires the haram way(out of marriage). The basic principle is that it is not permissible to study or teach the distorted Scriptures, false religions or schools of thought that are contrary to the truth, unless that is done with the aim of teaching people that they are corrupt and false, and that they are contrary to reason and common sense, and contrary. This is the difination of zina. Where Titan Mage stands out, though, is that it knows it has a silly premise. Eating pork and monkeys (because they're related to Jews) Drinking Alcohol. I understand that these are haram when done out of lust towards a non-mahram. Hate. It’s got a self. One thing I do hope to see in future articles in this series is coverage of where the responsibility lies in terms of overall well-being that leads to sexual satisfaction i. The zina of the eyes is looking, the zina of the ears is listening, the zina of the tongue is speaking, the zina of the hands is touching, and the zina of the foot is walking. When people envisioned the end of the Second Blood War, everyone always assumed it would end in a big, dramatic battle outside Hogwarts or in Diagon Alley or something. The following are some of the forbidden ( haram) acts that we have quoted from fiqh books: 1. Omamori Himari. To fantasise means your are leading your thoughts to imagine and visualise and thus stimulate yourself. Thats too much isn't. Drawing is what I consider a skill. . Seriously, make a list with names, cliché character typecasting, and base descriptions. Sexual fantasies is not the same thing as having a "wet dream" where you are literally asleep and can't control your dreams. Romance, ok. Children should be encouraged to read. As someone who consciously operates within the genre of the erotica, one is often asked flippant. The books that are available on websites include those that the visitor can download, in whole or in part, to his own computer and those which are available only to read, in whole or in part, and cannot be downloaded. Jan Christian Smuts was born. We’ve recommended smut manga for you to get down and dirty with, so here are some for all Wattpad readers who are constantly on the look-out for smut to read. listen to religious and spiritual songs. The seeking of any form of sexual pleasure outside the context of erotic love between married couples is either forbidden or in a gray area in Islamic law. have the Quran in front of you, so to remind you and make you turn away from the wrong. Forcing your Wife. I wanted to know if it’s haram to read smut and if so what are the punishments for it. cringeworthy. Find clarity on this confusing topic by exploring expert insights. Is it Haram to read Smuts? Yes, Read Smuts is Haram because Smuts’s content is against Islamic values and teachings. Its my belief that we are encouraged to read it and that we can't understand Islam fully without having read the Bible, or at least the Old Testament. Then again, I'm not exactly a strict person when it comes to religion. 38. One other thing, if your thinking about another person in a sexual manner, that is a formof rape since you do not have their concent. Question: I know that sexting is haram (exchange of indecent photos). Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the World; and blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad and upon all his Family and Companions. 30. I used to read a lot of fiction but it was mainly YA ones so there was rarely scenes in the book that I'd consider haram to read, and even the ones that were, you can just skip the pages! I tried searching once for such a thing and the answers would always be that it's up to the mokalaf to know if it's haram or not. US President Biden sued for ‘complicity’ in Israel’s ‘genocide’ in Gaza. If your visualizing a sexual encounter, then yes, that is sin. It is not permissible for a Muslim to read the novels containing the stories of illicit relations or obscene matters. Ward | 4. The stronger faith you have, the lesser you'd fall into the haram. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. While she writes for all verticals, her focus is the wellness section, bringing you everything you need to know about relationships, astrology, and the best ways to get down and dirty. Stotsky says the reading level of assigned high school texts in a 1907 study was 9. It is then restored but can include the adding of salts, sugars, vitamins. Shameless Smut; Just smut; Porn Without Plot; No Redeeming Social Value Whatsoever; Summary. Thus Allah swt warns us not to even come near to adultery. Because love, in general, is haram, so love novels are also haram. Written by Moulana Imran Mughal. Honestly only hardline fatwas forbid romance stories and whatnot. And those who guard their chastity. Sexual scenes in other books would count, I assume. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Anway, thanks for your honest opinion! I prefer to use more trashy words for smut fics but I think I will use it when it really suits the character. However, you should understand Ramadan rule water if you are not fasting. Smut is a visual engaging topic that requires personal experiences. Listening to Quran would be good as well. And those who guard their chastity. This is the difination of zina. listen to speeches of inspirational scholars and academics. Things that invalidate the fast and require qadaa' (making up for these days) are the following: 1 - Eating, drinking or smoking deliberately, including taking. James, Punk 57 by Penelope Douglas, and. This is how to name a child in Islam: 1- Avoid names that imply enslavement to or worship of anything other than Allah. Completed. Now, I’ve noticed, that many youth are writing fiction. Increase your faith. The so-called romantic stories that depict love affairs are often not devoid of concepts that go against the Sharee‘ah. ) But please don't hate if there's not. kiocyr; tiktokers; tiktok +13 more # 10. Read On Wattpad. The Qur’an was revealed in a milieu that considered poetry as the. Of course some people might say you are trying to imitate Allah but I have never heard of drawing itself made haram. 15 October, 2023. Writing it is something that takes a great deal of practice, above and beyond what 'regular writing' does, to get right. As for the stories that describe unlawful relations between men and non-Mahram (marriageable) women; which instead of warning against such deeds, elicit them. Hii everyone! Can anyone recommend me some good reverse Harem smut manga comic whatever. 13 March, 2021 Q Ever since I've entered high school, there have been many perverts around making sick jokes. Gambling. When used for the specific purpose of conveying truth, upholding justice, spreading virtue and good, it is considered halal, or is even recommended or obligatory. And Cole, the rugged blonde ranger with the ice-blue eyes and a hammer to rival Thor. 2) Negative influence on sexual organs, since anal sex may destroy seminal life and affect the structure of semen. People are deceived by the idea of “free” time, for it is one of the things about which they will be questioned on the Day of Resurrection. 46. I’m. If whatever you write evoke sexual thoughts to readers or yourself, then probably its wrong. Original post by WonniesWonder. Haram starts when the book is not free for non-commercial, personal, research, or educational purposes, and you read it for free (without permission of course). Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. 0. So if you are a practicing Muslim you can refrain from reading these supposedly halal novels like Kashem bin Abu Bakr. The seeking of any form of sexual pleasure outside the context of erotic love between married couples is either forbidden or in a gray area in Islamic law. Darul Ifta Birmingham. D. However, if there are books which help in gaining knowledge-whatever type it may be-and provide some sort of practical benefit then those should be read. If the thoughts are sexual then yeah its not right. If yaoi is a sin then so is yuri :/ Don't try to single out those who read yaoi, because surely yuri is the same. As for the stories that describe unlawful relations between men and non-Mahram (marriageable) women; which instead of warning against such deeds, elicit them and beautify them by using attractive and tempting words and expressions, then there is no doubt that such stories are unlawful. The Quran says, in its description of pious people: 29. It is the same for books. Past chapter 29'sih - 3, 5 stars. Answer. The poetry popular at the time was non sexual. His chiseled jaw and silver gaze, I’ve only ever gotten a glimpse of, haunts both my nightmares and my dreams. According to the opinion of the majority of the scholars, masturbation, in all. However, he got killed by 3 celestial beings. Cherry is one of my favorite smut fics. People can read semantically: thinking about a word’s meaning in the sentence and in other places in the Qur’an. Seriously, make a list with names, cliché character typecasting, and base descriptions. Last edited by a moderator: Oct 28, 2010. Captain Hook | Killian Jones/Emma Swan Smut-Fluff. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. I recently went to a Mastura group and was told that women’s wudu is invalidated if she so much so touches her husband but when you sleep it isn’t invalidated. Too heavy on cliches, and it just stopped being good. 2. Yasmin asks an all-powerful djinni. There will be smut among the plot. Answer Contents Related Praise be to Allah. This is a book with just smut but is happening between Alex and Emily. The heart longs and wishes, and the. Thus, she begins her journey to change her dark future. Yes, I’m Egyptian as well, so I know that. Any shape of masturbation or the acts main to it for self-delight is haram. I wanted to know if it’s haram to read smut and if so what are the punishments for it. Captain Hook | Killian Jones/Emma Swan Smut. It’s a harem manga, but it also encompasses many other genres. Summary of answer. It is not haram per say . I know this isn't a good place to ask this question, but since many of you are around the same age i'm just wondering. +7 more. Or they feel it could not lead to other actions, they are seriously mistaken!The answer was: In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Answer. The five pillars are a set of core beliefs and practices that are essential for Muslims. It is not permissible to read novels that include Sharee‘ah violations such as promotion of corrupt beliefs, vices and unlawful practices, and negatively affect the Muslim’s creed or his morals. Supposedly, the most prolific smut writer in the Harry Potter fandom — megamatt09 — was only 12 when he first began writing and posting smut content on AO3. Adoption in any form. So I revised the smut fic and changed the words to better fit the character. claryfairchild; shadowhunters; tmifanfic +14 more. Unfortunately, lustful fantasizing can drive a person to act upon and fulfill their desires in haram ways. Even if it's allowed for a couple to be romantic with each other, it's not necessarily mosest for other people to know or hear of it. Apart from law he read widely in philosophy, poetry, and science,. 6K 422 30. Likewise, if a person orgasms thru masturbation but does no longer ejaculate, it’s. Writing Fictional Stories. It's not the writers fault if readers are so hypersuxual in their imagination. • Find your passion in life (the positive kind) and allow those interests to dictate how you spend your time on the. 10. Harry, A High School drop out, known as Harry Styles who is a very dangerous man. To fantasise means your are leading your thoughts to imagine and visualise and thus stimulate yourself. Written by Moulana Imran Mughal. So it is not permissible for a layman to do so, lest the misconception of the people of falsehood affects his heart. Smut; Cuckquean; Birthday; Dominant Midoriya Izuku; Submissive Uraraka Ochako; Submissive Thirteen; Summary. Some people say it's haram to read homosexuality romance books considering that it's homosexuality, but some people say it's fine as you're only reading it and not acting upon it. The Quran says, in its description of pious people: 29. What is meant by the verse is being near to something or in a place where committing adultery is very possible. Chapter 136. Eating pork and monkeys (because they're related to Jews) Drinking Alcohol. And those who guard their chastity. And we're not supposed to have romantic relationships outside of marriage. It is permissible to write fiction books if the following conditions are met: The content of the stories should be within the boundaries of the Qur’an and Sunnah of the Prophet of Allah SallallahuAlayhiWasalam i. Completed. i legit didn't expect write this guy to write any smut per se, as he was exceptionally skilled in writing actual stories and oneshots. A 20-years old boy transmigrated into the female-dominated novel world, But not as a protagonist nor as the main villain. Pretty spicy smut, too, ‘cause if you’re gonna do it, you might as well do it hard. The contents of such literature may lead one to think illicit and practice illicit actions. This argument is also wrong because even the radio contains haram music. 3- It is makruh (disliked) to use names which have off-putting meanings. The most eagerly-read AO3 rating is explicit and you can bet your ass it’s not because of graphic violence. People can read literally: reading word for word, using exact definitions. Word of advice: whether or not it’s harassment, if any of those bands include minors writing smut about them may be illegal. 66 — 122,408 ratings — published 2015. The answer to the question of whether Read Smuts is Haram or not requires an understanding of Islamic principles… There is no evidence to suggest that it was considered Haraam. 6. Top smut stories for you to immerse your freaky imaginations in – Wattpad-style. Jesus talks about guarding our eyes, the light within us, lest our eyes be darkness -- the meaning is for us to focus on good things, not bad things. While your friends may think their viewing and reading homosexual pornography is harmless. score: 2,254 , and 23 people voted. People also can read thematically: finding the meaning of a whole passage by looking at how it relates to themes in the Qur’an. Things are going to be different this time. Is reading novels, fiction and storybooks haram in Islam?You are correct. Smut is extremely popular and it’s this sub that’s kind of an outliner in how it approaches it. Where Titan Mage stands out, though, is that it knows it has a silly premise. Plus, there are a lot of girls!7. It was narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah. But just be mindful of cultural differences. In a 2016 report, the average reading complexity level of the top 25 texts read. , are quite sexually suggestive. Made with Top reader in mind GN reader but intended for dom male reader, if your a female just imagine your self with a strap/squirting strap idk. Is it Haram to read smut? General Discussion Is it Haram to read smut & why? Locked post. See the long answer. And those who guard their chastity. 5. I’ve been writing but this. 2K 27. Christians have fallen into two camps regarding commercial sexuality, with some saying erotica can be used to spur healthy sexuality and some fearing its dangers. CryptoBest for – Fans of paranormal romance and fantasy romance. Carlton, Fifty Shades of Grey by E. listen to religious and spiritual songs. dsmp. When the Muslim indulges in reading these books or watching these movies, it shakes his belief or at the very least wastes his time and keeps him busy with something that is of no benefit to him. I don't think reading about haram things is haram but once you develop a vested interest in such and it detracts from your piety, then it becomes haram. Is it Haram to read Smuts? Yes, Read Smuts is Haram because Smuts’s content is against Islamic values and teachings. Riba (Interest) is never allowed in Islam because it is a system that makes poor the poorest and rich the richest! 5. Discover the truth about whether Read Smuts is Haram. Is it haram to watch romance shows? There isn’t a verse in quran that says Muslims can’t watch movies. Rate this book. And those who guard their chastity. luke. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. The reading of romantic or erotic novels essentially leads one to draw images of romance or sexual relations to mind. Perusing manga online free of charge on MangaMirror is basically as simple as looking through on Google. moreover , no relation is granted in islam before marriage . This means looking pornography, or looking at things that motivate you to commit adultery is haram. The answer to the question of whether Read Smuts is Haram or not requires an understanding of Islamic principles… We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It is truly a shameful deed and an evil way. Read On Wattpad. For this reason, marriage has been prescribed, and fornication, adultery, sodomy and lesbianism have been forbidden. 15 October, 2023. This is a long debate, we must have seen that some of scholars are calling it Halal while others are calling it Haram, to counter this, we have added Zakir Naik’s stance about this matter; Furthermore, we can see the authenticity of prohibition here in Al-Jaamius Sagheer. Silk and Gold are Haram on Men. And Allah knows best. However, you should completely avoid narrating myths and legends; they are of no value in Muslims life and are similar to Israiliyyat stories. Lords of Wrath (The Royals of Forsyth University, #2) by. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The Quran says, in its description of pious people: 29. understandable. One of the aims of shareeah is to protect peoples honour and to preserve lineages (keep them legitimate). To promote themes like integrity, honesty, faithfulness, patience and kindness in the form of a story can be good things and a means for people to reassess their decisions in life. However, the appeal of Harem manga is not limited to a specific gender or age group, and it can be enjoyed by anyone interested in the genre. Is it haram to have sexual fantasies? Sexual fantasies are among the thoughts that cross a person’s mind because it is something that is stored in the subconscious which is affected by the environment in which he lives and the scenes that he sees. What is the ruling of Sharia on masturbation? Specifically, masturbation (Istimna`) refers to the act of seeking to release sperm through other than lawful sexual intercourse, and generally, to any type of stimulation of the genitals in a sexually pleasurable way. Jan Christian Smuts was born on a farm near Riebeeck West in the Cape Colony. 1-If romantic novels or poems call for social reform, express noble feelings and call for love among people and the like, it is then permissible to read such novels. Watching BL-dramas is not haram in Islam because the internet, smartphone and many other entertainment modes contain homosexuality, incest, adultery, shirk and kufr and without believing in such things, a Muslim can watch such rpogrmas merely for the. just some tiktok bxb imagines. My Understandings. At the forefront of these two extreme positions, we see a band of clean-shaven yuppie US Muslims eager to appease their White-American constituency issuing their “fatwa”, as it were. It is clear that such literature pollutes the mind, enhances one’s passion and animate instincts. You kept repeating it:” I know that it’s haram to encourage such acts”,” I don’t do anything of that in real life (romance) I don’t do these wrong deeds”;. In other words, these things were only forbidden because they served as direct means and avenues to shirk. 1 Answer. Animated Porn is like turkey bacon, which is permissible in Islam because it doesn't. As someone uninterested in dealing with minors, I can respect that. Let me first tell you the difination of zina : Zina is an Islamic legal term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. 4- The first names are ‘Abd. Using more water than is necessary for wudu’ or ghusl, 2. +7 more. When I was younger, I used to read a lot of science fiction and it drove me nuts when authors like Heinlein or Herbert would have a really great, interesting sci-fi idea – and then for no reason. 50/mo. What is forbidden to read love books? Yes, reading love books is forbidden. So he must believe that Allah sent down the Books to the Prophets, and that He sent to them scriptures that contained commands and prohibitions, exhortation and reminders, and spoke of matters of the past, of. Obviously fantasy novels are not haram, only the most ignorant, narrow-minded, uncultured idiots would say that. In Japan, those who stand out for being different from society's parameters are subject to criticism, social exclusion and. Was this answer helpful? 1- It is not permissible for you to touch the Quran without wudu according to the majority of scholars. ”. If, on the other hand, it is used for disseminating falsehood, injustice, corruption, and evil, it is deemed haram. ML Shou is a s*x addict and very possessive of MC. 1.